Instalações parciais como a que você verificou, podem ser devido a dois fatos:
1) Alguns repositórios estão fora do ar
2) Problemas de dependências evitam que alguns pacotes sejam instalados
mas tenho me virado executando "sudo apt-get update" no Terminal
A opção update não atualiza pacote algum, exceto os índices de repositórios
A opção upgrade, sim, atualiza pacotes.
Poste o resultado de sudo apt-get upgrade
com isto o fórum pode analsar melhor o problema.
O resultado para
sudo apt-get upgrade é este:
matheus@B0B:~$ sudo apt-get upgrade
Lendo listas de pacotes... Pronto
Construindo árvore de dependências
Lendo informação de estado... Pronto
Calculando atualização... Pronto
0 pacotes atualizados, 0 pacotes novos instalados, 0 a serem removidos e 0 não atualizados.
mas acabei de conseguir (depois de abrir e fechar o Atualizador) atualizar o sistema.
Já o resultado para
sudo apt-get update é:
matheus@B0B:~$ sudo apt-get update
Ign cdrom://Ubuntu-Studio 13.04 _Raring Ringtail_ - Release amd64 (20130424) raring InRelease
Ign cdrom://Ubuntu-Studio 13.04 _Raring Ringtail_ - Release amd64 (20130424) raring Release.gpg
Ign cdrom://Ubuntu-Studio 13.04 _Raring Ringtail_ - Release amd64 (20130424) raring Release
Err cdrom://Ubuntu-Studio 13.04 _Raring Ringtail_ - Release amd64 (20130424) raring/main i386 Packages
Por favor, use o apt-cdrom para fazer com que este CD-ROM seja reconhecido pelo APT. O apt-get update não pode ser usado para adicionar novos CD-ROMs
Err cdrom://Ubuntu-Studio 13.04 _Raring Ringtail_ - Release amd64 (20130424) raring/multiverse i386 Packages
Por favor, use o apt-cdrom para fazer com que este CD-ROM seja reconhecido pelo APT. O apt-get update não pode ser usado para adicionar novos CD-ROMs
Err cdrom://Ubuntu-Studio 13.04 _Raring Ringtail_ - Release amd64 (20130424) raring/restricted i386 Packages
Por favor, use o apt-cdrom para fazer com que este CD-ROM seja reconhecido pelo APT. O apt-get update não pode ser usado para adicionar novos CD-ROMs
Err cdrom://Ubuntu-Studio 13.04 _Raring Ringtail_ - Release amd64 (20130424) raring/universe i386 Packages
Por favor, use o apt-cdrom para fazer com que este CD-ROM seja reconhecido pelo APT. O apt-get update não pode ser usado para adicionar novos CD-ROMs
Ign cdrom://Ubuntu-Studio 13.04 _Raring Ringtail_ - Release amd64 (20130424) raring/main Translation-pt_BR
Ign cdrom://Ubuntu-Studio 13.04 _Raring Ringtail_ - Release amd64 (20130424) raring/main Translation-pt
Ign cdrom://Ubuntu-Studio 13.04 _Raring Ringtail_ - Release amd64 (20130424) raring/main Translation-en
Ign cdrom://Ubuntu-Studio 13.04 _Raring Ringtail_ - Release amd64 (20130424) raring/multiverse Translation-pt_BR
Ign cdrom://Ubuntu-Studio 13.04 _Raring Ringtail_ - Release amd64 (20130424) raring/multiverse Translation-pt
Ign cdrom://Ubuntu-Studio 13.04 _Raring Ringtail_ - Release amd64 (20130424) raring/multiverse Translation-en
Ign cdrom://Ubuntu-Studio 13.04 _Raring Ringtail_ - Release amd64 (20130424) raring/restricted Translation-pt_BR
Ign cdrom://Ubuntu-Studio 13.04 _Raring Ringtail_ - Release amd64 (20130424) raring/restricted Translation-pt
Ign cdrom://Ubuntu-Studio 13.04 _Raring Ringtail_ - Release amd64 (20130424) raring/restricted Translation-en
Ign cdrom://Ubuntu-Studio 13.04 _Raring Ringtail_ - Release amd64 (20130424) raring/universe Translation-pt_BR
Ign cdrom://Ubuntu-Studio 13.04 _Raring Ringtail_ - Release amd64 (20130424) raring/universe Translation-pt
Ign cdrom://Ubuntu-Studio 13.04 _Raring Ringtail_ - Release amd64 (20130424) raring/universe Translation-en
Ign
http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security InRelease
Ign
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty InRelease
Atingido
http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security Release.gpg
Ign
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates InRelease
Ign
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports InRelease
Atingido
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty Release.gpg
Atingido
http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security Release
Atingido
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates Release.gpg
Atingido
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports Release.gpg
Atingido
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty Release
Atingido
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates Release
Atingido
http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/main Sources
Atingido
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports Release
Atingido
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/main Sources
Ign
http://archive.canonical.com trusty InRelease
Atingido
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/restricted Sources
Atingido
http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/restricted Sources
Atingido
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/universe Sources
Ign
http://archive.ubuntu.com trusty InRelease
Atingido
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/multiverse Sources
Atingido
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/main i386 Packages
Atingido
http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/universe Sources
Atingido
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/restricted i386 Packages
Atingido
http://archive.canonical.com trusty Release.gpg
Atingido
http://archive.ubuntu.com trusty Release.gpg
Atingido
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/universe i386 Packages
Atingido
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/multiverse i386 Packages
Atingido
http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/multiverse Sources
Atingido
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/main Translation-pt_BR
Atingido
http://archive.ubuntu.com trusty Release
Atingido
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/main Translation-pt
Atingido
http://archive.canonical.com trusty Release
Atingido
http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/main i386 Packages
Atingido
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/main Translation-en
Atingido
http://archive.ubuntu.com trusty/main i386 Packages
Atingido
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/multiverse Translation-pt_BR
Atingido
http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/restricted i386 Packages
Atingido
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/multiverse Translation-pt
Atingido
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/multiverse Translation-en
Atingido
http://archive.ubuntu.com trusty/universe i386 Packages
Atingido
http://archive.canonical.com trusty/partner i386 Packages
Atingido
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/restricted Translation-pt_BR
Atingido
http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/universe i386 Packages
Atingido
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/restricted Translation-pt
Atingido
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/restricted Translation-en
Atingido
http://archive.ubuntu.com trusty/restricted i386 Packages
Atingido
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/universe Translation-pt_BR
Atingido
http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/multiverse i386 Packages
Atingido
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/universe Translation-pt
Atingido
http://archive.ubuntu.com trusty/multiverse i386 Packages
Atingido
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty/universe Translation-en
Atingido
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/main Sources
Atingido
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/restricted Sources
Atingido
http://archive.ubuntu.com trusty/main Translation-pt_BR
Atingido
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/universe Sources
Atingido
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/multiverse Sources
Atingido
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/main i386 Packages
Atingido
http://archive.ubuntu.com trusty/main Translation-pt
Atingido
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/restricted i386 Packages
Atingido
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/universe i386 Packages
Atingido
http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/main Translation-en
Atingido
http://archive.ubuntu.com trusty/main Translation-en
Atingido
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/multiverse i386 Packages
Atingido
http://archive.ubuntu.com trusty/multiverse Translation-pt_BR
Atingido
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/main Translation-en
Atingido
http://archive.ubuntu.com trusty/multiverse Translation-pt
Atingido
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/multiverse Translation-en
Atingido
http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/multiverse Translation-en
Atingido
http://archive.ubuntu.com trusty/multiverse Translation-en
Atingido
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/restricted Translation-en
Atingido
http://archive.ubuntu.com trusty/restricted Translation-pt_BR
Atingido
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/universe Translation-en
Atingido
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/main Sources
Atingido
http://archive.ubuntu.com trusty/restricted Translation-pt
Atingido
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/restricted Sources
Atingido
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/universe Sources
Atingido
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/multiverse Sources
Atingido
http://archive.ubuntu.com trusty/restricted Translation-en
Atingido
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/main i386 Packages
Atingido
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/restricted i386 Packages
Atingido
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/universe i386 Packages
Atingido
http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/restricted Translation-en
Atingido
http://archive.ubuntu.com trusty/universe Translation-pt_BR
Atingido
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/multiverse i386 Packages
Atingido
http://archive.ubuntu.com trusty/universe Translation-pt
Atingido
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/main Translation-en
Atingido
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/multiverse Translation-en
Atingido
http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/universe Translation-en
Atingido
http://archive.ubuntu.com trusty/universe Translation-en
Atingido
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/restricted Translation-en
Atingido
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/universe Translation-en
Ign
http://archive.canonical.com trusty/partner Translation-pt_BR
Ign
http://archive.canonical.com trusty/partner Translation-pt
Ign
http://archive.canonical.com trusty/partner Translation-en
Ign
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/main Translation-pt_BR
Ign
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/main Translation-pt
Ign
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/multiverse Translation-pt_BR
Ign
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/multiverse Translation-pt
Ign
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/restricted Translation-pt_BR
Ign
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/restricted Translation-pt
Ign
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/universe Translation-pt_BR
Ign
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-updates/universe Translation-pt
Ign
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/main Translation-pt_BR
Ign
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/main Translation-pt
Ign
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/multiverse Translation-pt_BR
Ign
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/multiverse Translation-pt
Ign
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/restricted Translation-pt_BR
Ign
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/restricted Translation-pt
Ign
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/universe Translation-pt_BR
Ign
http://br.archive.ubuntu.com trusty-backports/universe Translation-pt
Ign
http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/main Translation-pt_BR
Ign
http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/main Translation-pt
Ign
http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/multiverse Translation-pt_BR
Ign
http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/multiverse Translation-pt
Ign
http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/restricted Translation-pt_BR
Ign
http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/restricted Translation-pt
Ign
http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/universe Translation-pt_BR
Ign
http://security.ubuntu.com trusty-security/universe Translation-pt
Ign
http://ppa.launchpad.net trusty InRelease
Ign
http://extras.ubuntu.com trusty InRelease
Ign
http://ppa.launchpad.net trusty Release.gpg
Atingido
http://extras.ubuntu.com trusty Release.gpg
Ign
http://ppa.launchpad.net trusty Release
Atingido
http://extras.ubuntu.com trusty Release
Atingido
http://extras.ubuntu.com trusty/main Sources
Atingido
http://extras.ubuntu.com trusty/main i386 Packages
Ign
http://extras.ubuntu.com trusty/main Translation-pt_BR
Ign
http://extras.ubuntu.com trusty/main Translation-pt
Ign
http://extras.ubuntu.com trusty/main Translation-en
Err
http://ppa.launchpad.net trusty/main Sources
404 Not Found
Err
http://ppa.launchpad.net trusty/main i386 Packages
404 Not Found
Ign
http://ppa.launchpad.net trusty/main Translation-pt_BR
Ign
http://ppa.launchpad.net trusty/main Translation-pt
Ign
http://ppa.launchpad.net trusty/main Translation-en
W: Falhou ao buscar cdrom://Ubuntu-Studio 13.04 _Raring Ringtail_ - Release amd64 (20130424)/dists/raring/main/binary-i386/Packages Por favor, use o apt-cdrom para fazer com que este CD-ROM seja reconhecido pelo APT. O apt-get update não pode ser usado para adicionar novos CD-ROMs
W: Falhou ao buscar cdrom://Ubuntu-Studio 13.04 _Raring Ringtail_ - Release amd64 (20130424)/dists/raring/multiverse/binary-i386/Packages Por favor, use o apt-cdrom para fazer com que este CD-ROM seja reconhecido pelo APT. O apt-get update não pode ser usado para adicionar novos CD-ROMs
W: Falhou ao buscar cdrom://Ubuntu-Studio 13.04 _Raring Ringtail_ - Release amd64 (20130424)/dists/raring/restricted/binary-i386/Packages Por favor, use o apt-cdrom para fazer com que este CD-ROM seja reconhecido pelo APT. O apt-get update não pode ser usado para adicionar novos CD-ROMs
W: Falhou ao buscar cdrom://Ubuntu-Studio 13.04 _Raring Ringtail_ - Release amd64 (20130424)/dists/raring/universe/binary-i386/Packages Por favor, use o apt-cdrom para fazer com que este CD-ROM seja reconhecido pelo APT. O apt-get update não pode ser usado para adicionar novos CD-ROMs
W: Falhou ao buscar
http://ppa.launchpad.net/mozillateam/firefox-next/ubuntu/dists/trusty/main/source/Sources 404 Not Found
W: Falhou ao buscar
http://ppa.launchpad.net/mozillateam/firefox-next/ubuntu/dists/trusty/main/binary-i386/Packages 404 Not Found
E: Falhou o download de alguns ficheiros de índice. Foram ignorados ou os antigos foram usados em seu lugar.
matheus@B0B:~$
O que implica que alguns repositórios estão com problemas, certo?